Thursday, November 28, 2019

Social Problems of Having a Human Zoo Like the One Described in the Book free essay sample

People would not think it would be alright or ok to have a zoo like that. There would be a big ethical question, especially if we experimented on them. People would protest and demonstrate against it. The government would probably step in and shut it down. A long time ago there were these kinds of human zoos, they were called freak shows. People would come from all around and pay to see people who had freakish genetic defects. Most of the time people were not held against their will but sometimes people who made them lots of money were forced to sign contracts and almost held prisoner. Police finally did something about this and shut this kind of under contract imprisonment down. Just like the old freak shows, this is probably how a modern human zoo would have started and ended. People would pay to come see people who were â€Å"freaks† and them after a while these â€Å"freaks† would be put in cages or cells and not allowed to leave. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Problems of Having a Human Zoo Like the One Described in the Book or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then people would say that not right, and unconstitutional and that they were going against their rights. The owners of this zoo would make up some lies and excuses and the police and government would step in and shut it down. This is how I believe having a human zoo like Talfamadore described in the book Slaughterhouse-five would go down.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Summary And Analysis of Miss Brill †Literature Essay

Summary And Analysis of Miss Brill – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers Summary And Analysis of Miss Brill Literature Essay The protagonists of two stories constantly face the challenge of isolation. Miss Brill in Katherine Mansfields Miss Brill and Zoe in Lorrie Moores Youre Ugly Too both face a similar circumstance of isolation, but both women deal with their isolation in very different ways. The protagonists of Miss Brill and Youre Ugly Too share common occurrences related to their isolation. Both women are educators that are displaced from their place of origin: Miss Brill teaches English in France but is originally from New Zealand, and Zoe Hendricks is a history teacher in rural Illinois originally from the Northeast United States. Neither Miss Brill nor Zoe are able to build any kind of meaningful relationships with their students or peers. It is ambiguously illustrated in Miss Brill that Miss Brill does not relate to her students: She had a queer, shy feeling at telling her English pupils how she spent her Sunday afternoons (137). It is more directly stated how Zoe relates to her students. Once she had pampered her students, singing theme songs, letting them call her at home, even, and ask personal questions. Now she was losing sympathy. They were beginning to seem different (306) It is only implied in Miss Brill that the protagonist does not have any close friends, as all of her activities are done alone and with great attention to self. For Zoe, however, it is made very clear that she has no meaningful relationships. She had gone out on dates with local men, but they all ended in astrangement as she came teo realize that all men, deep down, wanted Heidi, (308) the ideal woman. The isolation caused by displacement and the lack of connection with the locals is the basis for isolation that both characters share, but the manner in how each character copes with isolation is completely different. Miss Brill copes with her isolation by completely deluding herself and ignoring that she is isolated. Every Sunday, Mis Brill emerges from her room like a cupboard (138) to involve herself in as many lives as she possibly can. Miss Brills routine involves her strolling through the Jardins Publiques, listening to the band that plays under the gazebo, watching people, eavesdropping, and returning home after buying an almond cake. Miss Brills primary activity on these Sunday walks is eavesdropping on people, as she had become really quite expert, she thought, at litening as though she didnt listen, at sitting in other peoples lives just for a minute while they talked around her (135). The only contact Miss Brill has with people besides her pupils is through eavesdropping. Though there is no communication directly to the individuals she observes, Miss Brill convinces herself that she has a significant relationship with them. To Miss Brill, it was exactly like a play They were all on stag e. They werent only the audience, not only looking on; they were acting. Even she had a part and came every Sunday. No doubt somebody would have noticed if she hadnt been there; she was part of the performance after all (137) . This is the essence of Miss Brills delusion. There is absolutely no meaningful contact with the people she is actually very detached from, but she convinces herslef that she is an important feature in their lives. Miss Brill not only ignores her isolation, but she creates an escapist fantasy to validate her life. Zoe Hendricks copes with her isolation in a very different manner. She is keenly aware of her isolation, as she realized that she lived for the mail, for the postman, for the handsome blue jay She also watched television until all hours and had her set in the bedroom, a bad sign (307) She repeated Zoe is very confrontational with her isolation and uses her sense of humor to make light of the situation. Unlike Miss Brill, she is very aware how detached she is from her surrounding world. Her classroom behavior is an important illustration of the way she uses humor to cope with her detachment. A student once asked her what perfume she was wearing, and Zoe replied room freshener (305) Another time, she skipped into her lecture hall singing Getting to Know You both verses (304-305). Living in Illinois makes [her] sarcastic to be here (305). Zoe is completely detached from her students, acting like [her opinion is worth more than everbody elses in the class (306). Zoe had involved herslf in three romantic relationships since coming to Illinois. Each time, when Zoe realized that she had nothing in common with her suitors, she escaped from them by using humor to sabotage the relationship. Once, during a double date, Zoe told an absurd story about a talking dog. After that date, the man she was dating never called again. When Zoe is at her sisters Halloween party, she has a conversation with a man that her sister arranged for her to meet. When Zoe realizes that she does not want to have anything to do with this man, she pushes him away. Her final act of pushing Earl against the balcony railing is little more than a physical manifestation of what she had been doing to him the entire evening through dialogue: pushing him, pushing him, and pushing him some more until he metaphorically and literally has no place left to go (White). Zoe cannot connect with her students, and she cannot connect with men she dates. Still, she is aware of her isolation and confronts it, howeve r unsuccessful. In effect, Hendricks is a character who suffers from loneliness but does not have the communication or social skills to escape that state, a predicament that is, of course, self-generating: the more she fails to communicate, the lonelier she gets (White). Neither Mansfields Miss Brill nor Moores Zoe Hendricks can escape their isolation that is caused by similar circumstances: Both women, displaced from their place of origin, find themselves in a plae where they cannot connect to their students nor to their peers. The circumstances are the same, but the women cope with isolation in opposite ways. Miss Brill creates a delusion that she is an important part of the lives of the people she observes. She is completely unaware of how others view her until she has an epiphany at the end of the story. Zoe, on the other hand, is well aware of how she is viewed and copes with her isolation in a very confrontational way. In effect, she magnifies the cause for her isolation by using humor and sarcasm to distance her students and peers from her. Thesis Statement: Miss Brill in Katherine Mansfields Miss Brill and Zoe in Lorrie Moores Youre Ugly Too both face a similar circumstance of isolation, but both women deal with their isolation in very different ways I. There are similarities between the two characters. A. Both women are displaced from their place of origin Miss Brill lives in France and is originally from New Zealand, and Zoe Hendricks lives in Illinois but is originally from Maryland. B. Both women are teachers and cannot connect with their students C. Neither women form or sustain any meaningful personal relationships. II. Miss Brill deals with isolation by deluding herself A. She eavesdrops on people in the park and comes to believe that she has a place in their lives B. She believes that everyone is acting on stage and that she is an integral part of the performance. C. Miss Brill is initially unaware of her detachment from her students. III. Zoe Hendricks deals with her isolation by using sarcasm and humor to magnify her isolation A. Zoe is very aware that she is detached from her students and peers. B. She does not have anything in common with her students so she takes an aloof, sarcastic attitude in the classroom. C. She ends her romantic relationships by sabotaging them with humor. Mansfield, Katherine. Miss Brill Perrines Story and Structure Ed. Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnson. 10th edition. Boston: Thomson Heinle, 2002. Moore, Lorrie. Youre Ugly, Too Perrines Story and Structure Ed. Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnson. 10th edition. Boston: Thomson Heinle, 2002. White, Mark. Critical Essay On Youre Ugly, Too'. Short Stories for Students, Vol. 19, Gale, 2004. Literature Resource Center. Gale. Citrus College Lib., Glendora, CA. 8 Nov. 2003 Research Papers on Summary And Analysis of Miss Brill - Literature EssayStandardized TestingThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThree Concepts of PsychodynamicHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is ArtInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Spring and Autumn

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The iliad and the odyssey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The iliad and the odyssey - Essay Example Composed in the dactylic hexameter poetic style, this too is a lengthy poem, stretching to 12,110 lines. The plot of Odyssey is centered on Greek war hero Odysseus and his beautiful wife Penelope. Although both these masterpieces of Western literature were written in pre-Christian times when the written tradition was still in its infancy, they still remain relevant today. Events such as war, love, betrayal, bravery, etc are universal human experiences than span centuries and continents. While some of the specific details of the two epic poems might be irrelevant in contemporary times, their essence remains highly relevant. What it shows is that Western civilization has not changed drastically since the beginning of recorded history; and that societies continue to be disturbed by greed, war, lust, betrayal, etc. In other words, some of the vices and failings displayed by characters in the two poems are still afflicting humanity today. In this respect, a careful study of the interpersonal, social and political aspects of the two epic poems can lead us to insights into human nature. Apart from this practical utility of the two great epics, the literary techniques employed by Hom er in composing the works are very instructive for current generation of writers. For example, the non-linear plot structure employed by Homer is a highly sophisticated narrative structure, which finds application in plays, motion pictures and novels of

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Pedagogics as a System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pedagogics as a System - Essay Example The teachers play an important role in achieving the desired knowledge as the teacher acts as the moderator and motivator so that the learners would be challenged to explore beyond what is expected. If I have my own personal website and I will be permitted to use it as an instructional module to teach my students, I will utilize it to ensure that a free flow of idea is achieved. The website instruction will not have the limitations of time unlike in the classroom. It should be noted that discussions made in the classroom are cut short thus the discourse is likewise abruptly concluded which impedes the free flow of ideas. The internet and this website will not pose such restrictions but rather everybody can contribute or give his own thoughts and ideas for academic discussion in his own time and pace. The website can also be a means to give essay homework, and be used as the mode of submission for the students. The website can equally be used to provide additional links to websites that will contribute to the discussion if not materials that can be used to provide alternative knowledge distinct from the ones provided by the school. With each student given a unique login ID and password combination to establish their identity, their grades can also be viewed conveniently and privately as well as their class standing. The website can also be a means to provide historical views of the discussion made by past classes on the same subject in order not to repeat the same point of view. There would also be instances where the position of current students can be stressed or supported by the discussions of the students in past classes. In this way, a more mature and intelligent discussion can be achieved since old arguments which have already been presented in the past will be limited thus the mind shall be challenged to offer new ideas and concepts for discourse.

Monday, November 18, 2019

Overthrow of Communism in Hungary and Czechoslovakia Essay

Overthrow of Communism in Hungary and Czechoslovakia - Essay Example In fact, Soviet Union was the invisible ruler in eastern European communist countries and the domestic administrations functioned as toy governments of Soviet Union. Hungary and Czechoslovakia are two eastern European countries which suffered a lot under the communist administration. People in these countries are highly religious and communist teachings were unacceptable to them. Moreover, the totalitarian administrative style of communism was unacceptable to the people in these countries. The destruction of communism in the Soviet Union brought a golden opportunity to people in these countries to expel communism from their territories. This paper analyses major reasons for the overthrow of communism in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. The defeat of Hungary in the Second World War resulted in Soviet occupation in Hungary. Hungary never favored communism even though they forced to become a communist state under the influence of Soviet Union. Hungarians tried to expel communism from their s oil many times; however, the Soviet-controlled communist administration in Hungary succeeded in suppressing such agitations using an iron fist. The most important revolt against the communist administration happened in 1956. ... Â  The mascaras of Soviet troops during this revolt created immense displeasure against communism in the minds of Hungarians. In other words, the support for communism started to decrease after the bloody revolt in 1956. Even though Hungarians, disliked communism from the beginning itself, the case of Czechoslovakia was slightly different. Many of the Czechs welcomed Russians as liberators (Judit, p.125). The administration in Czechoslovakia before the arrival of Russians was not so good which forced Czechs to welcome Russians as their saviors. In fact, Czechoslovakia was the closest ally of Soviet Union in Eastern Europe after the Second World War. However, Czechs gradually realized the dangers of communism gradually. Hungary and Czechoslovakia were the biggest trading partners of Soviet Union after WW 2. However, it was Moscow which set the prices for the finished industrial products exported from these countries to Soviet Union (Judit, p.159). In other words, Moscow tried to expl oit the resources of Hungary and Czechoslovakia using their superior political, economic and military power. These exploitations resulted in underdevelopment in these countries and normal life became extremely difficult. While most of the other democratic countries in Europe started to develop immensely after WW2, communist Hungary and Czechoslovakia failed miserably in catching up with those countries. In short, the living standards of the people in Hungary and Czechoslovakia started to decline under the communist administration and the dissatisfaction against the communist administrations started to grow.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Zara Marketing Mix and Strategy Analysis

Zara Marketing Mix and Strategy Analysis Pardeep Singh Sangwan Introduction Zara is a Spanish clothing and accessories retailer located in arteixo, Galicia. The company was founded in 1975 by amancio Ortega and rosalia mera. It is the main brand of the inditex group, the worlds largest clothing retailer. The fashion groups also have some popular brands like oysho, Massimo dutti, oysho, etc. Their first store features products which are popular and high end clothing fashions at very low prices. In 1980 they opened other stores throughout Spain. In 1988 they started their international expansion by opening store at Porto, Portugal. Zara opened their store in Australia in 2011.ÂÂ   Now in 2016 they have 2,100stores located in 88countries. Zara has remarkable logistics and they produce new products in 2-4 week. Zara is known for their fast fashion, which means latest products may disappear off the shelf within days, forcing customers to come back constantly to check for new designs. Zara has very unique marketing. Zara spends only 0.3% of their revenue on d oing promotion thats why they do not appears on television or any other advertisements. Instead of promotion Zara focuses more on their product, place and pricing. Zara rarely advertises any store sales or have sales promotions other than sale items unlike other retailers. They have very unique thing that they do not put their brand or logo on their products. In contrast to other local retailers Zaras sales associates do not focus on personal selling. Their customer service within the store is rather weak but their products and affordable prices make customer to come back to stores to do shopping. Their product quality, price own advertises it. Zaras Vision Zara through its one of a kind plans of action and stores has demonstrated business can be effective with next to zero promoting. This business is conceivable just through unrivaled client benefit encouraged by proceeded with capacity to restock and react to client needs inside days. This gives Zara the aggressive edge. Thus, keeping in the mind the mission, they generally inventive their items to upgrade shopping knowledge and give new plans at moderate costs produced using quality materials which take after most recent patterns. Zaras Strategy for Growth and Positioning Zara has confidence in zero promoting. It would preferably spend on store development than to publicize. In any case, the insignificantly promote in design magazines. The method of reasoning behind this is the brisk turnaround of store show, which is around 4 weeks, which renders publicizing a superfluous cost. Likewise, Zara focuses on productive outline to market cycle and concentrate on displaying vast number of plans every year. The workforce in Zara is fundamental to its prosperity appropriate from the creation to the store level as to put the input produced about mold execution at store is permeated to the architect and generation and inventory network puts the most recent styles in 2 weeks time. Segments Market segmentation is a marketing strategy which involves dividing a broad target market into subsets of consumers, businesses, or countries that have, or are perceived to have, common needs, interests, and priorities, and then designing and implementing strategies to target them. Demographic Segment- Zara is focusing on youthful purchasers with extra cash. This will be fundamentally in creating nations and created nations. This presents them with a sizeable populace. As indicated statistical surveying, the clients in these nations will attempt new brands however in the meantime are cost and quality cognizant. Economic Segment- Because of low currency, low work expenses and chance to be nearer to clients, Zara need to consider techniques to take profits by other area. Since the opposition has as of now entered the more up to date showcase and is always attempting to use the advantages related with these business sectors. Legal Segment- Owning to increasing work costs and stringent work laws, the production forms in the present nations dont paramount as they will build the generation costs. In the event that, Zara does not have any desire to decentralize these capacities, there are no laws administering their choices as mold industry is not under controls. Technological Segment Zara uses unique technology know as IT to manage their supply chain which gets to low cost in operating. Zara can use IT to extend their distributing and manufacturing activities outside Spain. Global Segment Owing globalization and fast progression in advancements, a few minimal effort generation focuses have come up. With a specific end goal to lessen the expenses significantly further and look after quality, Zara can have seaward generation offices to minimal effort area keeping in mind the end goal to bring down the expenses. Zara being in center form industry with quick cycles have a novel where it provides food just on the main edge of the item cycle which empowers it to convey the guarantee of Moment Fashion. Opportunities Expansion plans- The gathering contributed more than 2.8 billion to open new stores universally in nations it as of now has a nearness and couple of new markets too. The rate of development of stores has been high as 640 stores for each yr. Zara mold will be made accessible in Korea, Ukraine, Egypt .A very much characterized development plan is basic to the corporate goal of worldwide extension with maintained income development later on. Growing Online Sale- Online retailing has been growing at a singing pace in the most recent decade and considering UK showcase, more than 14 billion has been spent online shopping. Zara ought to attempt to open online retail shops oblige the gathering of people who need to look for institutionalized adaptation items. This additionally introduces a chance to show the whole product offerings from Zara and can be effectively sought. Threats Internal Analysis- Zara attempt the asset view and study the inward investigation. Zaras principle resources are the planners, the coordinations procedure, in store sales individuals and the store feeling. These designers are responsible for producing new outlines in a limited capacity to focus time. In the wake of getting the input, they have roughly 2 weeks to convey the article of clothing to the store. Each of the creators is a significant and expensive asset and this speedy turnaround time is not imitable subsequently misused by Zara without limitations. Competitor Analysis- Zara main competitors are HM, GAP, UNIQLO, etc. boasts of large network of stores and has a strong financial leverage as it aims to tap into growing online retail segment and into franchising to expand into new market. On the other hand, HM are matching Zara in terms of designing and also have strong procurement practices. Unlike Zara, they collaborate with designs and have much wider presence as compared to Zara. Products Zara stores have mens clothing and womens clothing, each of these subdivided in Lower Garment, Upper Garment, Shoes, Cosmetics and Complements, as well as childrens clothing. Toxic Free Production- In 2011, Greenpeace began an exchange with Zara to prohibit hurtful poisons from the dress creation. In November 2012, Greenpeace distributed the Harmful strings: the huge mold line up report, in which Zara was distinguished as the most exceedingly awful. In 6 of the 10 garments that were inspected, nonylphenol ethoxylates were found, and in 2 cases malignancy initiating amines from azo colors were found. After this distribution, Zara was picked for instance as greatest retailer on the planet to bring issues to light. Different dissents were held at Zara shops everywhere throughout the world, requesting Zara to think of an aggressive arrangement to detox its garments and esteem .Some of the most harming poisons will be abstained of before, for instance PFCs will be prohibited by 2015. Zara additionally guaranteed to make data about its providers releasing of poisons freely accessible for no less than 100 providers (no less than 40 of which are situated in China) before the finish of 2013. Controversial Products- Zara pulled back a purse from their racks after a client saw a swastika on the sacks plan. The pack originated from an outside provider and Zara said the image was not unmistakable when the tote was picked. Zara representative Susan Suett said had they saw the satchel highlighted the image; they would not have sourced it. When educated of the swastika image, they quickly pulled back the thing from their racks. Zara got feedback for offering a little child T-shirt for nearly looking like garbs worn by Jewish death camp prisoners. The T-shirt was striped and included a yellow star fundamentally the same as the Star of David. Zara said that the plan of the shirt was propelled by the sheriffs stars from the great western movies. After being on sale for a couple short hours, Zara quickly expelled the shirt and apologized. The shirt was sewed in Turkey and sold in Zaras Albanian, French, Israeli, and Swedish online stores. Zara got substantial feedback for offering the T-shirt in Israel si nce Israel does not have sheriffs. Furthermore, Sheriff is sketched out in straightforward letters on the brilliant yellow star. Hana Levi Julian wrote in the Jewish Press that the outline of the word makes it hard to see. The organization said that the sales got from the T-shirts were peripheral and any outstanding T-shirts would be devastated. The Anti-Defamation League reaction to the shirt was The shirt embellished with the yellow star is in poor taste and is profoundly hostile to Jews and Holocaust survivors. To any individual who knows their history, this sort of symbolism ought to be beyond reach. We respect Zaras acknowledgment of the shirts possibly hostile symbolism and expulsion from sale. Strategies Corporate Level Strategies- The Corporate level techniques of Zara can be like that of its parent, Inditex Group. Its procedures can be grouped in view of three structures -Ansoffs Matrix, BCG Matrix and GE-Directional Policy Matrix. In view of the Ansoffs Matrix, Zara takes after the accompanying vital Directions: Market Consolidation and Product Development by getting the most recent in vogue outlines from the plan stage to the dissemination inside 2-3 weeks, much shorter than the business normal. Zara is working in an industry of high development of around 405 while having a high piece of the pie in the vast majority of the nations. This puts Zara as a star for Inditex Group in the Growth-Share BCG Matrix. Likewise the quality of its business is high, hence placing it in the Investment and Growth course of the Directional Policy Matrix. Business Level Strategies- Zara characterizes its objective market as Youthful, instructed one that preferences design and is delicate to mold. This objective is extremely expansive on the grounds that it is not portioned by ages and ways of life. In this way the extent of Zaras business is expansive. Zara likewise takes after both the cost initiative and Differentiation techniques. Functional Level Strategies- Zara changes their designs every week and it is easy for them because of their manufacturing systems. Their technology helps to reduce the time for equipments, increases utilization of machines within the scheduling time and improves quality of products at every stage of processing. Global Strategy- Zara did not follow nay localization in the counties where it was available and given just institutionalized items. Additionally it put stock in giving the most recent design at low expenses. Along these the Global Strategy Grid it can be seen that Zara follows a Global Standardization Strategy. By doing as such it wanted to expand its benefit by lessening costs and accomplishing economies of scale. Conclusion In conclusion, Zara has maintained an upper hand over its competitors by the response to the changing market trends and fashion and by vertical integration. Zara is a successful international retailer which, in less than 30 years, has transformed itself from a Spanish local brand into truly global brand. Zara, with its present IT infrastructure has been effective and able to be consistent with its core business. However, depending on an unreliable change from the supplier side, obsolete OS will not be compatible for future improvements or growth. Although, there no immediate need to change the current system, Zara should not invest more in the current obsolete IT infrastructure. It should adopt the change to the new OS eventually. Making a gradual change to the new system will increase Zaras efficiency, without facing the sudden setback of implementing the change at once.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

What Is a Good Human Life and How Should It Be Lived? Essay -- Philoso

What is a good human life and how should it be lived? Introduction The ancient philosophers had put much emphasis on the constitution of the human life and the manner in which it should be lived. From Aristotle to Plato and Socrates, all these philosophers had different views concerning the manner in which people should live with themselves and with each other. The aim of this paper is to explore the views of these three philosophers and then analyze where they compare and contrast with each other. The Human Life According to the Plato Republic Through the Republic, Plato sought to relate the life of an individual to that of the society as a whole. According to him, people show similar characteristics, act in the same deeds, and exemplify the same virtues that a state does. This analogy implies that each individual is a complex whole but made up of several parts that are distinct and that have unique roles. According to Plato, the everyday life of a human being amply manifests this analogical fact. This comes out in situations where an individual is faced with a variety of choices in life. During such times, the said individual is likely to feel contrary impulses, simultaneously pulling toward different directions. The reason behind this is because there exist distinct elements, which are different from those of humans. The physical body of a human being was equated by Plato to buildings, land and other physical materials of a city. However, a human being has three souls, which correspond to the three classes of citizens who lived in the state. These souls play an important role in the successful actions of the individual as a whole. These souls include the rational soul, the spirited soul and the appetitive soul. The ration... ...em to agree that the surest way of living a good life for humans is through the possession of the reasoning will. Living a good life involves utilizing one’s unique capability of reasoning. Works Cited Abbot, E. (2009). Literature of the doctrine of a future life: or, A catalogue of works relating to the nature, origin, and destiny of the soul. The titles classified, and arranged chronologically, with notes, and indexes of authors and subjects. Michigan: The University of Michigan. Cooper, J. G. (2007). The life of Socrates: collected from the Memorabilia of Xenophon and th e Dialogues of Plato, and illustrated farther by Aristotle, Diodorus Siculus, ... and others. ... By John Gilbert Cooper, Jun. Esq. London: Oxford University Press. Witt, R. G. (3003). In the Footsteps of the Ancients: The Origins of Humanism from Lovato to Bruni. Boston: BRILL.